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Physiology of Hypothalmic-pituitary-thyroidal system
by Stefano Mariotti, M.D. - Department of Endocrinology Institute of Internal Medicine University of Cagliari Policlinico Universitario, Monserrato, ITALY.
by Stefano Mariotti, M.D. - Department of Endocrinology Institute of Internal Medicine University of Cagliari Policlinico Universitario, Monserrato, ITALY.
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Health consequences of disturbed thyroid hormone action
The most important target tissues of thyroid hormones are the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system and the skeleton. Moreover, due to the increasing incidence of obesity worldwide, thyroid hormone action in adipose tissue has re-gained increasing interest for understanding energy homeostasis.
The most important target tissues of thyroid hormones are the central nervous system, the cardiovascular system and the skeleton. Moreover, due to the increasing incidence of obesity worldwide, thyroid hormone action in adipose tissue has re-gained increasing interest for understanding energy homeostasis.
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Human thyrocytes in autoimmune thyroid disorders source of cytokine production
An altered balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Disruption of thyroid self tolerance, usually after an infection, generates abnormal thyroid-immune interactions, implicating an array of cytokines and their receptors.
An altered balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Disruption of thyroid self tolerance, usually after an infection, generates abnormal thyroid-immune interactions, implicating an array of cytokines and their receptors.
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Is TRAB a predictive value for breast cancer?
Thyroid Research Abstract: The coexistence of Graves' disease and breast cancer was statistically significant. We observed TSHRAb and TgAb more frequently in patients with breast cancer. We found that TSHRAb is the only variable possessing predictive value for breast cancer.
Thyroid Research Abstract: The coexistence of Graves' disease and breast cancer was statistically significant. We observed TSHRAb and TgAb more frequently in patients with breast cancer. We found that TSHRAb is the only variable possessing predictive value for breast cancer.
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Impact of severity, duration, and etiology of hyperthyroidism on bone in men
Men with hyperthyroidism have significant bone loss with higher biochemical markers of bone turnover. The severity and the duration of the thyrotoxic state are directly related to the derangement of biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone loss.
Men with hyperthyroidism have significant bone loss with higher biochemical markers of bone turnover. The severity and the duration of the thyrotoxic state are directly related to the derangement of biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone loss.
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Hypothyroidism and mood disorders: integrating novel insights from brain imaging techniques
Thyroid hormones play a critical role in brain development but also in the adult human brain by modulating metabolic activity. Hypothyroid states are associated with both functional and structural brain alterations also seen in patients with major depression... Clinical evidence for neurobiological correlates of different stages and severities of hypothyroidism and effects of pharmacological intervention is lacking but may be achieved using advanced imaging techniques, e.g. functional and quantitative MRI techniques applied to patients with hypothyroidism before and after hormone replacement therapy.
Thyroid hormones play a critical role in brain development but also in the adult human brain by modulating metabolic activity. Hypothyroid states are associated with both functional and structural brain alterations also seen in patients with major depression... Clinical evidence for neurobiological correlates of different stages and severities of hypothyroidism and effects of pharmacological intervention is lacking but may be achieved using advanced imaging techniques, e.g. functional and quantitative MRI techniques applied to patients with hypothyroidism before and after hormone replacement therapy.
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Pitting edema of the leg as a manifestation of Graves’ disease
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A 2-day-old hyperthyroid neonate with thyroid hormone resistance born mother with controlled GD
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The influence of hepatitis C infection and interferon-α therapy on TRAB in thyroid eye disease
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New onset Graves' disease as a cause of an adrenal crisis in an individual with panhypopituitarism
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The mechanisms of atrial fibrillation in hyperthyroidism
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Nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding IκBL and IκBα may contribute to GD
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Human thyrocytes in autoimmune thyroid disorders source of cytokine production
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Gender-specific regulation of response to thyroid hormone in aging
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Eye findings and immunological markers in probands and their euthyroid relatives
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Cholestatic hepatic injury due to a thyroid storm
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A new report by the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association (AARDA) examining the economic impact of autoimmune disease (AD) on Americans, their families and the United States was released today at a congressional briefing as part of AARDA's 2011 National Autoimmune Diseases Awareness Month activities. Exec Director: ""While it's difficult to determine exact costs of all 100-plus autoimmune diseases, it is clear that these chronic illnesses constitute a major component of U.S. health care spending, totaling perhaps hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs to individual patients, insurance companies and the federal government."
A new report by the American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association (AARDA) examining the economic impact of autoimmune disease (AD) on Americans, their families and the United States was released today at a congressional briefing as part of AARDA's 2011 National Autoimmune Diseases Awareness Month activities. Exec Director: ""While it's difficult to determine exact costs of all 100-plus autoimmune diseases, it is clear that these chronic illnesses constitute a major component of U.S. health care spending, totaling perhaps hundreds of billions of dollars in direct and indirect costs to individual patients, insurance companies and the federal government."
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At last, researchers are investigating the cause of Graves’ disease and looking for therapies aimed at stopping the disease process....
At last, researchers are investigating the cause of Graves’ disease and looking for therapies aimed at stopping the disease process....
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Study concludes that advancing age is associated with less exposure to stress, lower serum TBII and less severe clinical and biochemical Graves’ hyperthyroidism. However, if stress is not involved in lower TBII, the question arises which other mechanisms might be responsible. Most likely it is the decline in immunological response to antigens with age, a process called IMMUNOSENESCENCE. Animal models on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis have shown that lymphocytes from old mice are less effective in transferring thyroiditis than lymphocytes from young donors.
Study concludes that advancing age is associated with less exposure to stress, lower serum TBII and less severe clinical and biochemical Graves’ hyperthyroidism. However, if stress is not involved in lower TBII, the question arises which other mechanisms might be responsible. Most likely it is the decline in immunological response to antigens with age, a process called IMMUNOSENESCENCE. Animal models on experimental autoimmune thyroiditis have shown that lymphocytes from old mice are less effective in transferring thyroiditis than lymphocytes from young donors.
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"The newly discovered compound, which is a receptor antagonist, may have the added benefit of helping those with eye problems caused by Graves' disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy)... experienced by more than 25% of people with the disease... Because the swelling in the eyes is thought to be associated with the same overstimulation of receptors caused by the same thyroid-stimulating antibodies as in the thyroid, the potential thyroid treatment may have the added benefit of treating the eye problems as well."
"The newly discovered compound, which is a receptor antagonist, may have the added benefit of helping those with eye problems caused by Graves' disease (Graves' ophthalmopathy)... experienced by more than 25% of people with the disease... Because the swelling in the eyes is thought to be associated with the same overstimulation of receptors caused by the same thyroid-stimulating antibodies as in the thyroid, the potential thyroid treatment may have the added benefit of treating the eye problems as well."
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"One in 2 patients with Graves' disease suffers impairments to their everyday lives... Between 2006 and 2008, they surveyed 250 patients about their attitudes to life, occupational problems, and impairments to their everyday lives. Additionally, 400 physicians in private practice were asked to report on the extent and type of occupational disability. 36% of affected persons were written off sick, 5% even had to take early retirement, and 21% sought psychotherapeutic help. Among the doctors, 34% treated patients with fully impaired earning capacity."
"One in 2 patients with Graves' disease suffers impairments to their everyday lives... Between 2006 and 2008, they surveyed 250 patients about their attitudes to life, occupational problems, and impairments to their everyday lives. Additionally, 400 physicians in private practice were asked to report on the extent and type of occupational disability. 36% of affected persons were written off sick, 5% even had to take early retirement, and 21% sought psychotherapeutic help. Among the doctors, 34% treated patients with fully impaired earning capacity."
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Other self-antigens and TSI not linked to thyroid hormone production may contribute to extrathyroid inflammation in Graves disease.
All 11 of 200 (5.5 percent) TSI-positive/TRAb-negative patients had Graves orbitopathy, whereas all seven of 200 (3.5 percent) TSI-negative/TRAb-positive subjects had only Graves disease. The authors concluded that the novel Mc4/TSI is a functional indicator of Graves orbitopathy activity and severity.
Other self-antigens and TSI not linked to thyroid hormone production may contribute to extrathyroid inflammation in Graves disease.
All 11 of 200 (5.5 percent) TSI-positive/TRAb-negative patients had Graves orbitopathy, whereas all seven of 200 (3.5 percent) TSI-negative/TRAb-positive subjects had only Graves disease. The authors concluded that the novel Mc4/TSI is a functional indicator of Graves orbitopathy activity and severity.
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Researchers found that selenium treatment, but not pentoxifylline or the placebo, was associated with an improved quality of life. Selenium was also found to slow the progression of Graves' orbitopathy and reduce eye symptoms compared to the placebo and pentoxifylline.
Researchers found that selenium treatment, but not pentoxifylline or the placebo, was associated with an improved quality of life. Selenium was also found to slow the progression of Graves' orbitopathy and reduce eye symptoms compared to the placebo and pentoxifylline.
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All hyperthyroid GD/GO patients were TSI-positive.
All hyperthyroid GD/GO patients were TSI-positive.
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Lowe: "What we learned about fibromyalgia patients is that one set of symptoms: chronic aching and pain that lasts for three months or longer, and abnormal tenderness with associated symptoms (there are 12 of them), are all classic hypothyroid symptoms. It’s just another of what we call a clinical phenotype… most fibromyalgia patients are either hypothyroid or thyroid hormone resistant.”
Lowe: "What we learned about fibromyalgia patients is that one set of symptoms: chronic aching and pain that lasts for three months or longer, and abnormal tenderness with associated symptoms (there are 12 of them), are all classic hypothyroid symptoms. It’s just another of what we call a clinical phenotype… most fibromyalgia patients are either hypothyroid or thyroid hormone resistant.”
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Very good summary of where treatments have been and where they are going.
Very good summary of where treatments have been and where they are going.
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Hyperthyroid participants had 95% more adiponectin, 47% less C3, but similar levels of ASP, and a higher ratio of ASP to C3, compared with control individuals.
Hyperthyroid participants had 95% more adiponectin, 47% less C3, but similar levels of ASP, and a higher ratio of ASP to C3, compared with control individuals.
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Vietnam War-era veterans exposed to Agent Orange appear to have significantly more Graves' disease than veterans with no exposure, a new study by endocrinologists at the University at Buffalo has shown. "Our findings show...the autoimmune disorder was three times more prevalent among veterans who encountered the dioxin-containing chemical. We also looked at other thyroid diagnoses, but we didn't find any significant differences in thyroid cancer or nodules."
Vietnam War-era veterans exposed to Agent Orange appear to have significantly more Graves' disease than veterans with no exposure, a new study by endocrinologists at the University at Buffalo has shown. "Our findings show...the autoimmune disorder was three times more prevalent among veterans who encountered the dioxin-containing chemical. We also looked at other thyroid diagnoses, but we didn't find any significant differences in thyroid cancer or nodules."
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...35% of pregnant women who test positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) will go on to suffer from hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism or postpartum thyroiditis. Thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme that helps the thyroid gland utilize iodine in the production of thyroid hormones. However, approximately one in seven women have an autoimmune reaction to the enzyme, a response that entails the production of TPOAb.
...35% of pregnant women who test positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) will go on to suffer from hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism or postpartum thyroiditis. Thyroid peroxidase is an enzyme that helps the thyroid gland utilize iodine in the production of thyroid hormones. However, approximately one in seven women have an autoimmune reaction to the enzyme, a response that entails the production of TPOAb.
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Subjects who were TPOAb and TgAb positive at baseline developed thyroid dysfunctions more frequently than seronegative subjects. High iodine intake was a risk factor for developing hypothyroidism in antibody positive subjects. A constant exposure to excessive iodine intake increased the incidence of positive TgAb.
Subjects who were TPOAb and TgAb positive at baseline developed thyroid dysfunctions more frequently than seronegative subjects. High iodine intake was a risk factor for developing hypothyroidism in antibody positive subjects. A constant exposure to excessive iodine intake increased the incidence of positive TgAb.
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"We also report evidence for an association of Trp620 with another autoimmune disorder, Graves’ disease, in 1,734 case and control subjects (P = 6.24 x 10–4; OR 1.43 [95% CI 1.17–1.76]). Taken together, these results indicate a more general association of the PTPN22 locus with autoimmune disease."
"We also report evidence for an association of Trp620 with another autoimmune disorder, Graves’ disease, in 1,734 case and control subjects (P = 6.24 x 10–4; OR 1.43 [95% CI 1.17–1.76]). Taken together, these results indicate a more general association of the PTPN22 locus with autoimmune disease."
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Findings suggest that hypothyroidism and thyroid function tests, even within the reference range, are associated with slightly increased serum GGT and ALT activity concentrations.
Findings suggest that hypothyroidism and thyroid function tests, even within the reference range, are associated with slightly increased serum GGT and ALT activity concentrations.
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Results from the previous investigations by our own group and others, strongly suggest the existence of a susceptibility locus within the TSHR region.
Results from the previous investigations by our own group and others, strongly suggest the existence of a susceptibility locus within the TSHR region.
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Among weight-matched β-blocker users, diet-induced thermogenesis, fat oxidation rate and weekly habitual activity were lower by 50% (P<0.01), 32% (P=0.04) and 30% (P<0.01), respectively, compared with controls.
Among weight-matched β-blocker users, diet-induced thermogenesis, fat oxidation rate and weekly habitual activity were lower by 50% (P<0.01), 32% (P=0.04) and 30% (P<0.01), respectively, compared with controls.
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Cardiovascular symptoms and signs, abnormal hemodynamics, and cardiac dysrhythmias are common in overt hyperthyroidism, and furthermore, these persist after antithyroid therapy has restored the circulating thyroid hormone concentration to normal. Risk factors predicting AF associated with hyperthyroidism were identified.
Cardiovascular symptoms and signs, abnormal hemodynamics, and cardiac dysrhythmias are common in overt hyperthyroidism, and furthermore, these persist after antithyroid therapy has restored the circulating thyroid hormone concentration to normal. Risk factors predicting AF associated with hyperthyroidism were identified.
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A CSF leak following certain orbital and oculoplastic procedures is a rare but well-recognized complication. This case report reviews the mechanisms, diagnostic techniques, and staged management of CSF leaks.
A CSF leak following certain orbital and oculoplastic procedures is a rare but well-recognized complication. This case report reviews the mechanisms, diagnostic techniques, and staged management of CSF leaks.
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Steroid treatment and orbital decompression significantly improve the QOL in GO. Duration, severity and activity of GO did not have a significant impact on the QOL.
Steroid treatment and orbital decompression significantly improve the QOL in GO. Duration, severity and activity of GO did not have a significant impact on the QOL.
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Some of the most characteristic signs and symptoms of thyroid disease are those resulting from the effects of thyroid hormone on the heart and cardiovascular system. Many published reports have noted that the clinical findings resulting from excess thyroid hormone are more pronounced and prevalent than those resulting from thyroid hormone deficiency. Thus palpitations and tachycardia are reported in the majority of patients with hyperthyroidism whereas in hypothyroidism, the decrease in exercise tolerance, rise in diastolic blood pressure and decreases in cardiac contractility are much more subtle findings.
Some of the most characteristic signs and symptoms of thyroid disease are those resulting from the effects of thyroid hormone on the heart and cardiovascular system. Many published reports have noted that the clinical findings resulting from excess thyroid hormone are more pronounced and prevalent than those resulting from thyroid hormone deficiency. Thus palpitations and tachycardia are reported in the majority of patients with hyperthyroidism whereas in hypothyroidism, the decrease in exercise tolerance, rise in diastolic blood pressure and decreases in cardiac contractility are much more subtle findings.
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These data suggest that this LYP polymorphism is a susceptibility allele for Graves' disease with a major effect, and which is likely to have a role in many other autoimmune conditions.
These data suggest that this LYP polymorphism is a susceptibility allele for Graves' disease with a major effect, and which is likely to have a role in many other autoimmune conditions.
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A colorful, often witty site whose mission is to rebrand thyroid diseases and thyroid cancers on behalf of patients and to change the public perception of how thyroid diseases and thyroid cancers affect patients and families, financially, emotionally, and physically. It clarifies misconceptions about thyroid diseases and thyroid cancers, and creates a community that gives thyroid diseases a voice and a face.
A colorful, often witty site whose mission is to rebrand thyroid diseases and thyroid cancers on behalf of patients and to change the public perception of how thyroid diseases and thyroid cancers affect patients and families, financially, emotionally, and physically. It clarifies misconceptions about thyroid diseases and thyroid cancers, and creates a community that gives thyroid diseases a voice and a face.
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The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research as focused on their role in preserving serum levels of the biologically active molecule T3 during iodine deficiency. More recently, a fascinating new role of these enzymes has been unveiled.
The iodothyronine deiodinases initiate or terminate thyroid hormone action and therefore are critical for the biological effects mediated by thyroid hormone. Over the years, research as focused on their role in preserving serum levels of the biologically active molecule T3 during iodine deficiency. More recently, a fascinating new role of these enzymes has been unveiled.
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The major drawback of antithyroid drug treatment for hyperthyroidism is the frequent reappearance of hyperthyroidism when therapy is discontinued. However, there is, of course, no need to discontinue antithyroid drug therapy, but rather this therapy can be continued indefinitely. Except for mild side effects, serious reactions are rare, and the risks of occurrence of cardiac and bone complications are equal to or less than those of radioiodine therapy. The cost of long-term continuous antithyroid drug therapy does not exceed that of the continuous care given following radioiodine therapy. Therefore, a possible approach to the therapy of hyperthyroidism may be to control the disease, for a lifetime, with antithyroid drugs. The remarkable lack of MMI side effects and the apparent high treatment compliance in this study prompt the adoption of an alternative approach such as this.
The major drawback of antithyroid drug treatment for hyperthyroidism is the frequent reappearance of hyperthyroidism when therapy is discontinued. However, there is, of course, no need to discontinue antithyroid drug therapy, but rather this therapy can be continued indefinitely. Except for mild side effects, serious reactions are rare, and the risks of occurrence of cardiac and bone complications are equal to or less than those of radioiodine therapy. The cost of long-term continuous antithyroid drug therapy does not exceed that of the continuous care given following radioiodine therapy. Therefore, a possible approach to the therapy of hyperthyroidism may be to control the disease, for a lifetime, with antithyroid drugs. The remarkable lack of MMI side effects and the apparent high treatment compliance in this study prompt the adoption of an alternative approach such as this.
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Effects of evening vs morning thyroxine ingestion on serum thyroid hormone profiles in hypothyroid patients. Conclusions: l-thyroxine taken at bedtime by patients with primary hypothyroidism is associated with higher thyroid hormone concentrations and lower TSH concentrations compared to the samel-thyroxine dose taken in the morning. At the same time, the circadian TSH rhythm stays intact. Our findings are best explained by a better gastrointestinal uptake ofl-thyroxine during the night.
Effects of evening vs morning thyroxine ingestion on serum thyroid hormone profiles in hypothyroid patients. Conclusions: l-thyroxine taken at bedtime by patients with primary hypothyroidism is associated with higher thyroid hormone concentrations and lower TSH concentrations compared to the samel-thyroxine dose taken in the morning. At the same time, the circadian TSH rhythm stays intact. Our findings are best explained by a better gastrointestinal uptake ofl-thyroxine during the night.
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Effects of Thyroid Disease
Effects of Thyroid Disease
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Discussion of Graves Disease, a related syndrome called Autoimmune Thyroid Encephalopathy, Anti-thyroid drugs, Radioiodine, and Thyroidectomy
Discussion of Graves Disease, a related syndrome called Autoimmune Thyroid Encephalopathy, Anti-thyroid drugs, Radioiodine, and Thyroidectomy
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Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is an entity characterized by elevated intracranial pressure with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and no structural abnormalities detected on brain MRI scans. The neurological symptoms and signs can be totally attributed to intracranial hypertension, and these include headaches, transient visual obscurations, visual loss and intracranial tinnitus, papilledema being the hallmark of PTC.
Pseudotumor cerebri (PTC) is an entity characterized by elevated intracranial pressure with normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and no structural abnormalities detected on brain MRI scans. The neurological symptoms and signs can be totally attributed to intracranial hypertension, and these include headaches, transient visual obscurations, visual loss and intracranial tinnitus, papilledema being the hallmark of PTC.
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Unique Epitopes May Contribute to the Regulation of Thyroid Function by the Antibodies.
>Blocking antibodies may resemble those in Graves’ sera, suggesting the overlap among the different autoimmune thyroid diseases, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, primary myxedema, and Graves’ disease.
Unique Epitopes May Contribute to the Regulation of Thyroid Function by the Antibodies.
>Blocking antibodies may resemble those in Graves’ sera, suggesting the overlap among the different autoimmune thyroid diseases, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, primary myxedema, and Graves’ disease.
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Shomon: "At some point, we need the medical community to recognize that Hashimoto's -- even when the thyroid levels fall into the so-called 'normal range' -- can cause symptoms."
Shomon: "At some point, we need the medical community to recognize that Hashimoto's -- even when the thyroid levels fall into the so-called 'normal range' -- can cause symptoms."
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Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Chapter 6: The Everything Health Guide To Thyroid Disease: Professional Advice On Getting The Right Diagnosis, Managing Your Symptoms, And Feeling Great. By Theodore C. Friedman, MD, PhD and Winnie Yu. "Today, Hashimoto’s is the most common form of thyroiditis and the leading cause of hypothyroidism in the U.S."
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Chapter 6: The Everything Health Guide To Thyroid Disease: Professional Advice On Getting The Right Diagnosis, Managing Your Symptoms, And Feeling Great. By Theodore C. Friedman, MD, PhD and Winnie Yu. "Today, Hashimoto’s is the most common form of thyroiditis and the leading cause of hypothyroidism in the U.S."
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an inherited genetic profile involving TP53 may favor HHV-7 infection and maintenance, which, in turn, may initiate and perpetuate GD autoimmune process. Target cells: T cells. Transmission: unknown.
an inherited genetic profile involving TP53 may favor HHV-7 infection and maintenance, which, in turn, may initiate and perpetuate GD autoimmune process. Target cells: T cells. Transmission: unknown.
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Women with a history of hypothyroidism face a significantly higher risk of developing liver cancer, according to a new study in the May issue of Hepatology...
Women with a history of hypothyroidism face a significantly higher risk of developing liver cancer, according to a new study in the May issue of Hepatology...
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In hyperthyroidism: 1) basal abundance of GLUT3 and GLUT4 on the plasma membrane is increased and 2) the sensitivity of the recruitment of GLUT3 and GLUT4 transporters on the plasma membrane in response to IGF-I is increased. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the mechanism by which hyperthyroidism increases glucose disposal in peripheral tissues.
In hyperthyroidism: 1) basal abundance of GLUT3 and GLUT4 on the plasma membrane is increased and 2) the sensitivity of the recruitment of GLUT3 and GLUT4 transporters on the plasma membrane in response to IGF-I is increased. These findings may contribute to the understanding of the mechanism by which hyperthyroidism increases glucose disposal in peripheral tissues.
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The normal function of the immune system is, of course, to provide defense against the plethora of pathogens that will confront the human body during a lifetime. To achieve this aim, different T-cell receptors and antibodies can be generated by the human immune system which carries with it the risk that T or B cells will react against self-molecules.
The normal function of the immune system is, of course, to provide defense against the plethora of pathogens that will confront the human body during a lifetime. To achieve this aim, different T-cell receptors and antibodies can be generated by the human immune system which carries with it the risk that T or B cells will react against self-molecules.
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This qualitative study has identified the phenomenon of an altered identity due to direct consequences of TED that impact upon patients' wellbeing, coping strategies and interactions with healthcare professionals.
This qualitative study has identified the phenomenon of an altered identity due to direct consequences of TED that impact upon patients' wellbeing, coping strategies and interactions with healthcare professionals.
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It is quite impossible for someone who has never experienced the attack of Graves' Disease on the body and brain to understand how difficult it can be simply trying to function or get through each day.
It is quite impossible for someone who has never experienced the attack of Graves' Disease on the body and brain to understand how difficult it can be simply trying to function or get through each day.
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In hyperthyroidism, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle is impaired, corrected, at least in part, by the increases in blood flow.
In hyperthyroidism, insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle is impaired, corrected, at least in part, by the increases in blood flow.
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Courtesy of Dr. Terry Smith, MD
Courtesy of Dr. Terry Smith, MD
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By singling out the renegade element for immune regulation, you can turn a part of the immune system into an impediment to the disease.
By singling out the renegade element for immune regulation, you can turn a part of the immune system into an impediment to the disease.
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The Link between Graves’ Disease and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A Role for Regulatory T Cells
The Link between Graves’ Disease and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A Role for Regulatory T Cells
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Courtesy of Dr. Jody Ginsberg
Courtesy of Dr. Jody Ginsberg
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Smoking is negatively associated with the presence of thyroglobulin autoantibody and to a lesser degree with thyroid peroxidase autoantibody in serum: a population study
Denmark Study...
Smoking is negatively associated with the presence of thyroglobulin autoantibody and to a lesser degree with thyroid peroxidase autoantibody in serum: a population study
Denmark Study...
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The contribution of oxygen reactive species to the changes occurring in the orbit is underscored by in vitro studies.
The contribution of oxygen reactive species to the changes occurring in the orbit is underscored by in vitro studies.
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Orbital fibroblasts represent the most abundant cell type among orbital connective tissues and exhibit great differences in their phenotypes. Increased oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, as well as higher intracellular ROS levels in GO orbital fibroblasts may have a role in the pathogenesis of GO.
Orbital fibroblasts represent the most abundant cell type among orbital connective tissues and exhibit great differences in their phenotypes. Increased oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation, as well as higher intracellular ROS levels in GO orbital fibroblasts may have a role in the pathogenesis of GO.
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New York Times: The thyroid is a tiny gland in the neck whose overproduction or underproduction of hormones can cause a host of problems — including Graves’ disease, hyperthyroidism and the little-known Hashimoto’s syndrome. Here, six men and women speak about thyroid disease and its impact on their lives.
New York Times: The thyroid is a tiny gland in the neck whose overproduction or underproduction of hormones can cause a host of problems — including Graves’ disease, hyperthyroidism and the little-known Hashimoto’s syndrome. Here, six men and women speak about thyroid disease and its impact on their lives.
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Patients with severe Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) have a higher risk of relapsing hyperthyroidism and are unlikely to remain in remission.
Patients with severe Graves ophthalmopathy (GO) have a higher risk of relapsing hyperthyroidism and are unlikely to remain in remission.
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Assessment by a disease specific quality of life questionnaire and by exophthalmometry in a prospective randomized trial
Assessment by a disease specific quality of life questionnaire and by exophthalmometry in a prospective randomized trial
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Great description of the T4 to T3 conversion process.
Great description of the T4 to T3 conversion process.
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Graves’ hyperthyroidism, an organ-specific autoimmune disease mediated by stimulatory thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies, has been considered a Th2-dominant disease. However, recent data with mouse Graves’ models are conflicting. For example, we recently demonstrated that injection of BALB/c mice with adenovirus coding the TSHR induced Graves’ hyperthyroidism characterized by mixed Th1 and Th2 immune responses against the TSHR, and that transient coexpression of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 by adenovirus skewed Ag-specific immune response toward Th2 and suppressed disease induction.
Graves’ hyperthyroidism, an organ-specific autoimmune disease mediated by stimulatory thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies, has been considered a Th2-dominant disease. However, recent data with mouse Graves’ models are conflicting. For example, we recently demonstrated that injection of BALB/c mice with adenovirus coding the TSHR induced Graves’ hyperthyroidism characterized by mixed Th1 and Th2 immune responses against the TSHR, and that transient coexpression of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 by adenovirus skewed Ag-specific immune response toward Th2 and suppressed disease induction.
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Patients with moderate to severe Graves ophthalmopathy have significant mood disturbance, especially when disfiguring signs are predominant. We propose that evaluation of the psychological burden of the disease should be considered in routine follow-up and in decisions regarding treatment.
Patients with moderate to severe Graves ophthalmopathy have significant mood disturbance, especially when disfiguring signs are predominant. We propose that evaluation of the psychological burden of the disease should be considered in routine follow-up and in decisions regarding treatment.
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The rationale for B lymphocyte depletion in Graves’ disease. Monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody therapy as a novel treatment option. THIS IS NOT WITHOUT RISK.
The rationale for B lymphocyte depletion in Graves’ disease. Monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody therapy as a novel treatment option. THIS IS NOT WITHOUT RISK.
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Although T regulatory cells are abundant in inflamed thyroid tissue, they are apparently unable, in most cases, to downmodulate
the autoimmune response and the tissue damage seen in AITD.
Although T regulatory cells are abundant in inflamed thyroid tissue, they are apparently unable, in most cases, to downmodulate
the autoimmune response and the tissue damage seen in AITD.
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Domain of Issues and Ranking (Excerpt)
Domain of Issues and Ranking (Excerpt)
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Many studies have shown that remission is linked to restoration of the euthyroid state, and that it is independent of drug dose and type.
Many studies have shown that remission is linked to restoration of the euthyroid state, and that it is independent of drug dose and type.
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Researchers Discover Connection Between Allergic Diseases And Autoimmune Diseases.
In all of these diseases, the underlying problem is similar--the body's immune system (including B and/or T immune cells) becomes misdirected, attacking the very organs it was designed to protect. The study implies that allergic and inflammatory diseases may actually trigger autoimmune diseases by relaxing the controls that normally eliminate newly produced, self-reactive B cells.
Researchers Discover Connection Between Allergic Diseases And Autoimmune Diseases.
In all of these diseases, the underlying problem is similar--the body's immune system (including B and/or T immune cells) becomes misdirected, attacking the very organs it was designed to protect. The study implies that allergic and inflammatory diseases may actually trigger autoimmune diseases by relaxing the controls that normally eliminate newly produced, self-reactive B cells.
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Fibrocytes are immune cells derived from bone marrow that circulate through the bloodstream. They can infiltrate tissue, like the lungs, kidney, and liver, generating excess connective tissue and areas of fibrosis, for example, following pulmonary or kidney injury. ... They found that fibrocytes were present at substantially higher frequencies—as much as five times greater—in patients with Graves' disease. These levels were observed in both the bloodstream and in the orbital tissues of patients who had developed thyroid eye disease.
Fibrocytes are immune cells derived from bone marrow that circulate through the bloodstream. They can infiltrate tissue, like the lungs, kidney, and liver, generating excess connective tissue and areas of fibrosis, for example, following pulmonary or kidney injury. ... They found that fibrocytes were present at substantially higher frequencies—as much as five times greater—in patients with Graves' disease. These levels were observed in both the bloodstream and in the orbital tissues of patients who had developed thyroid eye disease.
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Study concludes with discouraging further treatment of Graves ophthalmopathy with radiation.
Study concludes with discouraging further treatment of Graves ophthalmopathy with radiation.
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In hypothyroid cases, H. pylori gastritis may be responsible for an inadequate response to the treatment.
In hypothyroid cases, H. pylori gastritis may be responsible for an inadequate response to the treatment.
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Use of scintigraphy (radioisotopes) do not reach statistical significance in comparison to ultrasound but is considered one of the two procedures, TRAb testing included, as a diagnostic tool for Grave's disease.
Use of scintigraphy (radioisotopes) do not reach statistical significance in comparison to ultrasound but is considered one of the two procedures, TRAb testing included, as a diagnostic tool for Grave's disease.
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In women without thyroid autoimmunity these changes are transient, but in those with thyroid autoimmunity estrogen stimulation might lead
to abnormal thyroid function throughout the remaining pregnancy period. Prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity is significantly higher
among infertile women than among fertile women, especially among those whose infertility is caused by endometriosis or ovarian dysfunction.
In women without thyroid autoimmunity these changes are transient, but in those with thyroid autoimmunity estrogen stimulation might lead
to abnormal thyroid function throughout the remaining pregnancy period. Prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity is significantly higher
among infertile women than among fertile women, especially among those whose infertility is caused by endometriosis or ovarian dysfunction.
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No indication for increasing selenium intake to benefit T4 to T3 conversion in the elderly UK population
No indication for increasing selenium intake to benefit T4 to T3 conversion in the elderly UK population
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Similar serial changes in liver function tests in both Graves' disease and painless thyroiditis strongly suggest that increases of AST and ALT after starting ATD therapy may not be due to ATD side effects but may be induced by changes in thyroid function.
Similar serial changes in liver function tests in both Graves' disease and painless thyroiditis strongly suggest that increases of AST and ALT after starting ATD therapy may not be due to ATD side effects but may be induced by changes in thyroid function.
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APA are frequently present in patients with AITD
APA are frequently present in patients with AITD
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New studies have shown that smoking may protect against the development of thyroid peroxidase antibodies, which may result in a decreased risk of Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism (HH), whereas it stimulates the development of Graves’ hyperthyroidism (GH).
New studies have shown that smoking may protect against the development of thyroid peroxidase antibodies, which may result in a decreased risk of Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism (HH), whereas it stimulates the development of Graves’ hyperthyroidism (GH).
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ScienceDaily (Jan. 21, 2010) — A study by the University of Exeter and the Peninsula Medical School for the first time links thyroid disease with human exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). PFOA is a persistent organic chemical used in industrial and consumer goods including nonstick cookware and stain- and water-resistant coatings for carpets and fabrics.
ScienceDaily (Jan. 21, 2010) — A study by the University of Exeter and the Peninsula Medical School for the first time links thyroid disease with human exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). PFOA is a persistent organic chemical used in industrial and consumer goods including nonstick cookware and stain- and water-resistant coatings for carpets and fabrics.
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Vietnam veterans exposed
to Agent Orange were found to
have a threefold increased risk of
Graves’ disease in an analysis of electronic
medical records of more than
200,000 vets who served during the
Vietnam era.
Vietnam veterans exposed
to Agent Orange were found to
have a threefold increased risk of
Graves’ disease in an analysis of electronic
medical records of more than
200,000 vets who served during the
Vietnam era.
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Teratogen Update: Antithyroid Drugs—Methimazole, Carbimazole, and Propylthiouracil Effects in pregnancy
Teratogen Update: Antithyroid Drugs—Methimazole, Carbimazole, and Propylthiouracil Effects in pregnancy
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The frequency of the T allele and the TT genotype were higher in patients with severe HD than in those with in mild HD. In contrast, the frequency of the CC genotype was higher in patients with intractable GD than in patients with GD in remission. In conclusion, the +869T/C polymorphism in the TGF-β1 gene is associated with the severity and intractability of autoimmune thyroid disease.
The frequency of the T allele and the TT genotype were higher in patients with severe HD than in those with in mild HD. In contrast, the frequency of the CC genotype was higher in patients with intractable GD than in patients with GD in remission. In conclusion, the +869T/C polymorphism in the TGF-β1 gene is associated with the severity and intractability of autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis (THPP) is a complication of hyperthyroidism that is mostly diagnosed in Asian populations; consequently, it can be difficult to recognize in western populations. THPP represents an endocrine emergency that can result in respiratory insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. Its differential diagnosis from the other more common forms of hypokalemic paralysis is important to avoid inappropriate therapy.
Thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis (THPP) is a complication of hyperthyroidism that is mostly diagnosed in Asian populations; consequently, it can be difficult to recognize in western populations. THPP represents an endocrine emergency that can result in respiratory insufficiency, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. Its differential diagnosis from the other more common forms of hypokalemic paralysis is important to avoid inappropriate therapy.
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The most likely sequence of events is that T cells infiltrate the orbital and dermal connective tissue and respond to a depot of orbital/dermal autoantigens that display an identical structure to have epitopes that cross-react with a thyroid autoantigen
The most likely sequence of events is that T cells infiltrate the orbital and dermal connective tissue and respond to a depot of orbital/dermal autoantigens that display an identical structure to have epitopes that cross-react with a thyroid autoantigen
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In this group of patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules at cytology, clinical and pathological criteria of thyroid autoimmunity were strongly concordant and not associated with malignancy.
In this group of patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules at cytology, clinical and pathological criteria of thyroid autoimmunity were strongly concordant and not associated with malignancy.
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Gradual disappearance of antibodies suggests that extrathyroidal
tissues contribute to antibody production but
that continued antibody production depends on persistence
of thyroid antigens.
Gradual disappearance of antibodies suggests that extrathyroidal
tissues contribute to antibody production but
that continued antibody production depends on persistence
of thyroid antigens.
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By Raphael Kellman, MD: Fatigue, weight gain, insulin resistance, depression, and dementia are all associated with the degenerative aspects of aging. Yet many of these symptoms may actually be caused by hypothyroidism, which is often overlooked and misdiagnosed.
By Raphael Kellman, MD: Fatigue, weight gain, insulin resistance, depression, and dementia are all associated with the degenerative aspects of aging. Yet many of these symptoms may actually be caused by hypothyroidism, which is often overlooked and misdiagnosed.
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Thyroid information, Mary Shomon
thyroid.about.com
Thyroid information, Mary Shomon
thyroid.about.com
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Comprehensive information on thyroid disease
Comprehensive information on thyroid disease
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No significant differences can be traced concerning the thyroid function between different clinical subtypes of depression nor there is any correlation between specific clinical symptoms and thyroid indices....Depressed patients had higher Thyroid Binding Inhibitory Immunoglobulins (TBII), which is suggestive of the presence of an underlying autoimmune process in depression, and is independent of the clinical subtype.
No significant differences can be traced concerning the thyroid function between different clinical subtypes of depression nor there is any correlation between specific clinical symptoms and thyroid indices....Depressed patients had higher Thyroid Binding Inhibitory Immunoglobulins (TBII), which is suggestive of the presence of an underlying autoimmune process in depression, and is independent of the clinical subtype.
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Includes overview of management
Includes overview of management
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Few drug-drug interactions generate more computer alerts for pharmacists than the interaction between thyroid replacement and oral anticoagulants.
Few drug-drug interactions generate more computer alerts for pharmacists than the interaction between thyroid replacement and oral anticoagulants.
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These changes suggest that thyroid disease may be accompanied by changes in adipokines, which may contribute to the phenotype expressed.
These changes suggest that thyroid disease may be accompanied by changes in adipokines, which may contribute to the phenotype expressed.
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Thyroid storm is a condition in which multiple organ dysfunction results from failure of the compensatory mechanisms of the body owing to excessive thyroid hormone activity induced by some factors in patients with thyrotoxicosis. While diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an important trigger for thyroid storm, simultaneous development of DKA and thyroid storm is rare.
Thyroid storm is a condition in which multiple organ dysfunction results from failure of the compensatory mechanisms of the body owing to excessive thyroid hormone activity induced by some factors in patients with thyrotoxicosis. While diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an important trigger for thyroid storm, simultaneous development of DKA and thyroid storm is rare.
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Women with low or high levels of the hormone thyrotropin, which affects thyroid gland function and thyroid hormone levels, appear to have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, according to a report in Archives of Internal Medicine, one of the JAMA/Archives journals.
Women with low or high levels of the hormone thyrotropin, which affects thyroid gland function and thyroid hormone levels, appear to have a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, according to a report in Archives of Internal Medicine, one of the JAMA/Archives journals.
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This review discusses the role of the TSHR in the physiological and pathological stimulation of the thyroid.
This review discusses the role of the TSHR in the physiological and pathological stimulation of the thyroid.
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It may be the experience of many clinicians, as it has been ours, that a very small group of patients with hypothyroidism are not entirely well on thyroxine replacement alone.
It may be the experience of many clinicians, as it has been ours, that a very small group of patients with hypothyroidism are not entirely well on thyroxine replacement alone.
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The majority of patients with Graves' disease gradually enter remission of TSH-receptor autoimmunity during medical or after surgical therapy, with no difference between the types of therapy. Remission of TSH-receptor autoimmunity after radioiodine therapy is less common.
The majority of patients with Graves' disease gradually enter remission of TSH-receptor autoimmunity during medical or after surgical therapy, with no difference between the types of therapy. Remission of TSH-receptor autoimmunity after radioiodine therapy is less common.
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Scientists at UCLA's Jules Stein Eye Institute and Harbor–UCLA Medical Center discovered defects in the infection-fighting T-cells of Graves' disease patients' immune systems. The study, reported March 1 in the Journal of Immunology, may deepen understanding of how the autoimmune disorder damages the body and offer a new target for treating the disfiguring disease.
Scientists at UCLA's Jules Stein Eye Institute and Harbor–UCLA Medical Center discovered defects in the infection-fighting T-cells of Graves' disease patients' immune systems. The study, reported March 1 in the Journal of Immunology, may deepen understanding of how the autoimmune disorder damages the body and offer a new target for treating the disfiguring disease.
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April 23rd, 2009 The prevalence of benign thyroid nodules is high and there are certain ultrasound features, suggesting malignancy, that can help radiologists determine whether or not a biopsy is needed, according to a study performed at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA.
April 23rd, 2009 The prevalence of benign thyroid nodules is high and there are certain ultrasound features, suggesting malignancy, that can help radiologists determine whether or not a biopsy is needed, according to a study performed at the University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA.
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Every good mystery has an evil villain and a charming protagonist that saves the day. This mystery is no different. However, our villain isn’t a serial killer hiding in the shadows, it is an antibody that has cleverly eluded researchers for decades.
Every good mystery has an evil villain and a charming protagonist that saves the day. This mystery is no different. However, our villain isn’t a serial killer hiding in the shadows, it is an antibody that has cleverly eluded researchers for decades.
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Conclusions: The incidence of cancer in thyroid nodules < 1 cm does not appear to be lower than in larger nodules and may even be higher. Physicians should consider obtaining biopsy samples from subcentimeter hypoechoic nodules that contain microcalcification and have a relatively round shape (LA/SA < 1.5).
Conclusions: The incidence of cancer in thyroid nodules < 1 cm does not appear to be lower than in larger nodules and may even be higher. Physicians should consider obtaining biopsy samples from subcentimeter hypoechoic nodules that contain microcalcification and have a relatively round shape (LA/SA < 1.5).
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What Causes Thyroid Disease?
What Causes Thyroid Disease?
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by The Wolfe Clinic
http://www.thewolfeclinic.com/newsletter/march-01-2004/pdf/TWC-Thyroid.pdf
by The Wolfe Clinic
http://www.thewolfeclinic.com/newsletter/march-01-2004/pdf/TWC-Thyroid.pdf
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The authors say, "The observed association between hypothyroidism and breast cancer may be due to the biologic effect of (the thyroid hormone) T3 at the cellular level," adding that further studies of thyroid regulating hormones and intracellular iodide concentrations may "indicate areas of intervention for targeted preventive and therapeutic purposes."
The authors say, "The observed association between hypothyroidism and breast cancer may be due to the biologic effect of (the thyroid hormone) T3 at the cellular level," adding that further studies of thyroid regulating hormones and intracellular iodide concentrations may "indicate areas of intervention for targeted preventive and therapeutic purposes."